β-Hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) leads to phospholipase D2 (PLD2) activation and alters circadian rhythms in myotubes

β-Hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) is a breakdown product of leucine, which promotes muscle growth. Although some studies indicate that HMB activates AKT and mTOR, others show activation of the downstream effectors, P70S6K and S6, independent of mTOR. Our aim was to study the metabolic effect of HMB around the circadian clock in order to determine more accurately the signaling pathway involved. C2C12 myotubes were treated with HMB and clock, metabolic and myogenic markers were measured around the clock. HMB-treated C2C12 myotubes showed no activation of AKT and mTOR, but did show activation of P70S6K and S6. Activation of P70S6K and S6 was also found when myotubes were treated with HMB combined with metformin, an indirect mTOR inhibitor, or rapamycin, a direct mTOR inhibitor. The activation of the P70S6K and S6 independent of AKT and mTOR, was accompanied by increased activation of phospholipase D2 (PLD). In addition, HMB led to high amplitude and advanced circadian rhythms. In conclusion, HMB induces myogenesis in C2C12 by activating P70S6K and S6 via PLD2, rather than AKT and mTOR, leading to high amplitude advanced rhythms.