3D printing of ceramics and glass based on photopolymerizable sol–gel compositions

Stereolithography printing of ceramics and glass relies on compositions containing dispersed particles in photopolymerizable solutions. A new approach based on utilizing sol–gel precursor solutions has been introduced in recent years, which overcomes challenges in particle-based printing compositions, such as light scattering, particle sedimentation, and high viscosity. Following sol–gel and photopolymerization processes’ combination, this paper presents the methodologies for the 3D printing of complex ceramics and glass structures. This combination allows precise structure control, enabling dense or porous objects, transparent forms, and simple doping. These advantages are presented through the fabrication of porous γ-alumina, transparent silica glass, and chromium-doped α-alumina.