A comprehensive analysis of autocorrelation and bias in home range estimation

Michael J. Noonan, Marlee A. Tucker, Christen H. Fleming, Thomas S. Akre, Susan C. Alberts, Abdullahi H. Ali, Jeanne Altmann, Pamela Castro Antunes, Jerrold L. Belant, Dean Beyer, Niels Blaum, Katrin Böhning-Gaese, Laury Cullen, Rogerio Cunha de Paula, Jasja Dekker, Jonathan Drescher-Lehman, Nina Farwig, Claudia Fichtel, Christina Fischer, Adam T. FordJacob R. Goheen, René Janssen, Florian Jeltsch, Matthew Kauffman, Peter M. Kappeler, Flávia Koch, Scott LaPoint, A. Catherine Markham, Emilia Patricia Medici, Ronaldo G. Morato, Ran Nathan, Luiz Gustavo R. Oliveira-Santos, Kirk A. Olson, Bruce D. Patterson, Agustin Paviolo, Emiliano Esterci Ramalho, Sascha Rösner, Dana G. Schabo, Nuria Selva, Agnieszka Sergiel, Marina Xavier da Silva, Orr Spiegel, Peter Thompson, Wiebke Ullmann, Filip Zięba, Tomasz Zwijacz-Kozica, William F. Fagan, Thomas Mueller, Justin M. Calabrese*

*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review

138 Scopus citations

Abstract

Home range estimation is routine practice in ecological research. While advances in animal tracking technology have increased our capacity to collect data to support home range analysis, these same advances have also resulted in increasingly autocorrelated data. Consequently, the question of which home range estimator to use on modern, highly autocorrelated tracking data remains open. This question is particularly relevant given that most estimators assume independently sampled data. Here, we provide a comprehensive evaluation of the effects of autocorrelation on home range estimation. We base our study on an extensive data set of GPS locations from 369 individuals representing 27 species distributed across five continents. We first assemble a broad array of home range estimators, including Kernel Density Estimation (KDE) with four bandwidth optimizers (Gaussian reference function, autocorrelated-Gaussian reference function [AKDE], Silverman's rule of thumb, and least squares cross-validation), Minimum Convex Polygon, and Local Convex Hull methods. Notably, all of these estimators except AKDE assume independent and identically distributed (IID) data. We then employ half-sample cross-validation to objectively quantify estimator performance, and the recently introduced effective sample size for home range area estimation ((Formula presented.)) to quantify the information content of each data set. We found that AKDE 95% area estimates were larger than conventional IID-based estimates by a mean factor of 2. The median number of cross-validated locations included in the hold-out sets by AKDE 95% (or 50%) estimates was 95.3% (or 50.1%), confirming the larger AKDE ranges were appropriately selective at the specified quantile. Conversely, conventional estimates exhibited negative bias that increased with decreasing (Formula presented.). To contextualize our empirical results, we performed a detailed simulation study to tease apart how sampling frequency, sampling duration, and the focal animal's movement conspire to affect range estimates. Paralleling our empirical results, the simulation study demonstrated that AKDE was generally more accurate than conventional methods, particularly for small (Formula presented.). While 72% of the 369 empirical data sets had >1,000 total observations, only 4% had an (Formula presented.) >1,000, where 30% had an (Formula presented.) <30. In this frequently encountered scenario of small (Formula presented.), AKDE was the only estimator capable of producing an accurate home range estimate on autocorrelated data.

Original languageEnglish
Article numbere01344
JournalEcological Monographs
Volume89
Issue number2
DOIs
StatePublished - May 2019

Bibliographical note

Publisher Copyright:
© 2019 by the Ecological Society of America

Keywords

  • animal movement
  • kernel density estimation
  • local convex hull
  • minimum convex polygon
  • range distribution
  • space use
  • telemetry
  • tracking data

Fingerprint

Dive into the research topics of 'A comprehensive analysis of autocorrelation and bias in home range estimation'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.

Cite this