Autonomous control of interfacial electron transfer and the activation of DNA machines by an oscillatory pH system

An oscillatory pH system is implemented to drive oscillatory pH-switchable DNA machines and to control pH-stimulated electron transfer at electrode surfaces. The oscillatory pH system drives the autonomous opening and closure of DNA tweezers and activates a DNA pendulum by the pH-stimulated formation and dissociation of i-motif structures. Also, a sequence-programmed nucleic acid monolayer-functionalized electrode undergoes autonomous oscillatory pH transitions between random coil and i-motif configurations, leading to the control of electron transfer at electrode surfaces.