TY - CHAP
T1 - Bioavailability of xenobiotics in the soil environment
AU - Katayama, Arata
AU - Bhula, Raj
AU - Burns, G. Richard
AU - Carazo, Elizabeth
AU - Felsot, Allan
AU - Hamilton, Denis
AU - Harris, Caroline
AU - Kim, Yong Hwa
AU - Kleter, Gijs
AU - Koedel, Werner
AU - Linders, Jan
AU - Peijnenburg, J. G.M.Willie
AU - Sabljic, Aleksandar
AU - Stephenson, R. Gerald
AU - Racke, D. Kenneth
AU - Rubin, Baruch
AU - Tanaka, Keiji
AU - Unsworth, John
AU - Wauchope, R. Donald
PY - 2010
Y1 - 2010
N2 - When synthetic, xenobiotic compounds such as agrochemicals and industrial chemicals are utilized, they eventually reach the soil environment where they are subject to degradation, leaching, volatilization, sorption, and uptake by organisms. The simplest assumption is that such chemicals in soil are totally available to microorganisms, plant roots, and soil fauna via direct, contact exposure; subsequently these organisms are consumed as part of food web processes and bioaccumulation may occur, increasing exposures to higher organisms up the food chain. However, studies in the last two decades have revealed that chemical residues in the environment are not completely bioavailable, so that their uptake by biota is less than the total amount present in soil (Alexander 1995; Gevao et al. 2003; Paine et al. 1996). Therefore, the toxicity, biodegradability, and efficacy of xenobiotics are dependent on their soil bioavailability, rendering this concept profoundly important to chemical risk assessment and pesticide registration.
AB - When synthetic, xenobiotic compounds such as agrochemicals and industrial chemicals are utilized, they eventually reach the soil environment where they are subject to degradation, leaching, volatilization, sorption, and uptake by organisms. The simplest assumption is that such chemicals in soil are totally available to microorganisms, plant roots, and soil fauna via direct, contact exposure; subsequently these organisms are consumed as part of food web processes and bioaccumulation may occur, increasing exposures to higher organisms up the food chain. However, studies in the last two decades have revealed that chemical residues in the environment are not completely bioavailable, so that their uptake by biota is less than the total amount present in soil (Alexander 1995; Gevao et al. 2003; Paine et al. 1996). Therefore, the toxicity, biodegradability, and efficacy of xenobiotics are dependent on their soil bioavailability, rendering this concept profoundly important to chemical risk assessment and pesticide registration.
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=72049091177&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1007/978-1-4419-1352-4_1
DO - 10.1007/978-1-4419-1352-4_1
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C2 - 19957116
AN - SCOPUS:72049091177
SN - 9781441913517
T3 - Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology
SP - 1
EP - 86
BT - Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology
A2 - Whitacre, David
ER -