Blue tail and striped body: Why do lizards change their infant costume when growing up?

Ontogenetic changes in color and pattern that are not directly related to reproduction are very common yet remain a poorly understood phenomenon. One example is conspicuous colors in the tails of fish, amphibians, and reptiles that fade out later in life. We suggest a novel hypothesis: conspicuous tail colors that appear only in juveniles compensate for an increased activity level, deflecting imminent attacks to the tail. We observed blue-tailed, newly hatched lizards (Acanthodactylus beershebensis) in the field and compared 5 behavioral parameters with those of older individuals that had already lost their neonate coloration. In addition, we explored whether tail displays, often assumed to direct a predator's attention to the tail, disappear with the color change. Striped blue-tailed hatchlings foraged more actively than 3-week-old juveniles, spent a longer time in open microhabitats, and performed deflective tail displays. In comparison, 2 other lacertids that do not undergo ontogenetic change did not switch to safer foraging when growing up. The results suggest that activity alteration may be a major factor affecting the ontogenetic color and pattern change. Active lizards that forage in open habitats increase their probability of attack by ambush predators. Conspicuous colors and deflection displays may shift attacks to the expendable tail, increasing the prey's overall probability of surviving attacks. The persistence of both striped body pattern and blue tail fits the active foraging period of neonates and hence may be appropriate for other species that display a conspicuous tail accompanied by a striped pattern.