Abstract
The liver is the central hub of xenobiotic metabolism and consequently the organ most prone to cosmetic-and drug-induced toxicity. Failure to detect liver toxicity or to assess compound clearance during product development is a major cause of postmarketing product withdrawal, with disastrous clinical and financial consequences. While small animals are still the preferred model in drug development, the recent ban on animal use in the European Union created a pressing need to develop precise and efficient tools to detect human liver toxicity during cosmetic development. This article includes a brief review of liver development, organization, and function and focuses on the state of the art of long-term cell culture, including hepatocyte cell sources, heterotypic cell-cell interactions, oxygen demands, and culture medium formulation. Finally, the article reviews emerging liver-on-chip devices and discusses the advantages and pitfalls of individual designs. The goal of this review is to provide a framework to design liver-on-chip devices and criteria with which to evaluate this emerging technology.
Original language | American English |
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Pages (from-to) | 219-239 |
Number of pages | 21 |
Journal | Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering |
Volume | 21 |
DOIs | |
State | Published - 2019 |
Bibliographical note
Funding Information:The writing of this review was supported by the European Research Council project OCLD (grant 681870), the Israeli Ministry of Health (grant 3-13971), a generous gift from the Nikoh Foundation, and L’Oréal Research and Innovation.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2019 by Annual Reviews All rights reserved.
Keywords
- human on chip
- in vitro models
- liver
- microphysiological systems
- organ on chip