Climbing the Effluent Filtration Tree: Modelling, Mechanisms & Applications—A Monograph

Particle filtration is a major building block in effluent treatment facilities for water reuse in agriculture, industry, and the community. Yet, its incorporation in modern hybrid treatment systems still lacks basic know-how for process optimization. This paper aims to provide a profound understanding of particle filtration vis-à-vis its various reuse applications. The methodology used follows a road map depicted as a growing tree, representing the author’s research from roots to top: roots—basic modeling, mechanisms; tree trunk—filter design approach for reuse; branches—enhanced particle removal; and tree crown—pretreatment, bioparticle, and nanoparticle removal. Contact deep-bed filtration process optimization, algorithms for economically optimal filter design, tertiary filtration and membrane pretreatment, and related energy issues are being discussed. Some of the conclusions are that pilot plant planning should be primarily derived from particle surface interactions with filter media, based on measurements of mineral particle or bioparticle size, shape, and physicochemical characteristics, and applying attachment-detachment models. Filter design optimization would comprise of selecting efficient water quality processes first, followed by economic optimization for final design parameters. A holistic approach in the design of filtration facilities, standing alone or incorporated in hybrid systems, is also considered.