Cross-cultural evidence of female indirect aggression

Karin Österman*, Kaj Björkqvist, Kirsti M.J. Lagerspetz, Ari Kaukiainen, Simha F. Landau, Adam Fra̧czek, Gian Vittorio Caprara

*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review

166 Scopus citations

Abstract

Three types of aggressive behavior (physical, verbal, and indirect) were investigated by help of peer estimations based on The Direct & Indirect Aggression Scales (DIAS) (Finland: Åbo Akademi University) [Björkqvist et al., 1992b]. Aggressive behavior of adolescents of three age groups (8, 11, and 15 years old), in Finland, (Finnish and Swedish speakers), Israel (secular and religious Israelis), Italy, and Poland were studied (n=2094). Indirect aggression was, in proportional terms, the aggressive style mostly used by girls, across nations, ethnic groups, and age groups studied. Verbal aggression was their second most used style, and physical aggression was applied least often by girls. Among boys, indirect aggression was, in all ages, the least used aggressive style. Physical and verbal aggression was, by boys, used equally often at ages 8 and 11, while, at the age of 15, verbal aggression had surpassed physical aggression and was the most used style. Scores of victimization to other's aggression showed somewhat similar trends. Aggr. Behav. 24:1-8, 1998.

Original languageEnglish
Pages (from-to)1-8
Number of pages8
JournalAggressive Behavior
Volume24
Issue number1
DOIs
StatePublished - 1998

Keywords

  • And physical aggression
  • Cross-cultural
  • Indirect
  • Sex differences
  • Verbal

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