Curvature defects in lamellar phases of amphiphile-water systems

Within the framework of two complementary models, we show that the densities and patterns of defects in amphiphile-water systems with lamellar organization are coupled to the strength of the bilayer-bilayer interactions and hence to the overall surfactant concentration. We consider defects which introduce curvature (i.e., larger head-group area per molecule) while preserving the integrity of stacked bilayers at surfactant volume fractions of several tenths. These features are favored if the molecules comprising the lamellae are preferentially packed with a nonplanar aggregate-water interface: curvature defects lower the local free energy in systems constrained by aggregate-aggregate interactions to lamellar geometry. As the amphiphile volume fraction is increased - and the bilayer-bilayer spacing thereby decreased - we predict phase transitions between lamellar phases of different defect patterns on the bilayer surface, with concurrent decrease in the defect area fraction per bilayer. Specifically, there is a progression from a stripe-like pattern of parallel channels to a random network of line defects to a pore phase, with the latter appearing at the highest amphiphile concentrations but characterized by the lowest density of defects. Connection is made with experimental work which has recently suggested various departures from classical lamellar structure.