Diffusive shock acceleration in relativistic, oblique shocks

Cosmic rays are charged particles that are accelerated to relativistic speeds by astrophysical shocks. Numerical models have been successful in confirming the acceleration process for (quasi-)parallel shocks, which have the magnetic field aligned with the direction of the shock motion. However, the process is less clear when it comes to (quasi-)perpendicular shocks, where the field makes a large angle with the shock-normal. For such shocks, the angle between the magnetic field and flow ensures that only highly energetic particles can travel upstream at all, reducing the upstream current. This process is further inhibited for relativistic shocks, since the shock can become superluminal when the required particle velocity exceeds the speed of light, effectively inhibiting any upstream particle flow. In order to determine whether such shocks can accelerate particles, we use the particle-in-cell (PIC) method to determine what fraction of particles gets reflected initially at the shock. We then use this as input for a new simulation that combines the PIC method with grid-based magnetohydrodynamics to follow the acceleration (if any) of the particles over a larger time-period in a two-dimensional grid. We find that quasi-perpendicular, relativistic shocks are capable of accelerating particles through the DSA process, provided that the shock has a sufficiently high Alfvénic Mach number.