Early human collective practices and symbolism in the Early Upper Paleolithic of Southwest Asia

Omry Barzilai*, Ofer Marder, José Miguel Tejero, Avner Ayalon, Miryam Bar-Matthews, Talia Abulafia, Ron Lavi, Mae Goder-Goldberger, Maayan Shemer, Lotan Edeltin, Alexander Wiegmann, Amos Frumkin, Avshalom Karasik, Gal Yasur, Reuven Yeshurun, Irit Zohar, Francesco Berna, Mark Hans, Jerold S. Goldberg, Yvonne McDermottLinda Spurlock, Ariel Pokhojaev, Waseem Habashi, Hila May, Rachel Sarig, Israel Hershkovitz*

*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review

Abstract

Identifying communal rituals in the Paleolithic is of scientific importance, as it reflects the expression of collective identity and the maintenance of group cohesion. This study provides evidence indicating the practice of deep cave collective rituals in the Levant during the Early Upper Paleolithic (EUP) period. It is demonstrated that these gatherings occurred within a distinct ritual compound and were centered around an engraved object in the deepest part of Manot Cave, a pivotal EUP site in southwest Asia. The ritual compound, segregated from the living areas, encompasses a large gallery partitioned by a cluster of remarkable speleothems. Within this gallery, an engraved boulder stands out, displaying geometric signs suggesting a unique representation of a tortoise. Isotopic analysis of calcite crusts on the boulder’s grooves revealed alignment with values found in speleothems from the cave dated to ~37 to 35 ka BP. Additionally, meticulous shape analysis of the grooves’ cross-section and the discernible presence of microlinear scratches on the grooves’ walls confirmed their anthropogenic origin. Examination of stalagmite laminae (36 ka BP) near the engraved boulder revealed a significant presence of wood ash particles within. This finding provides evidence for using fire to illuminate the dark, deep part of the cave during rituals. Acoustic tests conducted in various cave areas indicate that the ritual compound was well suited for communal gatherings, facilitating conversations, speeches, and hearing. Our results underscore the critical role of collective practices centered around a symbolic object in fostering a functional social network within the regional EUP communities.

Original languageEnglish
Article numbere2404632121
JournalProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
Volume121
Issue number51
DOIs
StatePublished - 17 Dec 2024

Bibliographical note

Publisher Copyright:
Copyright © 2024 the Author(s). Published by PNAS. This open access article is distributed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License 4.0 (CC BY-NC-ND).

Keywords

  • collective practices
  • ritual compound
  • rock engraving
  • symbolic behavior
  • Upper Paleolithic Levant

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