Effect of fluorination on preparation of Bi(Pb)SCCO 2 2 2 3 by the citrate precursor process

Citrate precursor technology was used to prepare fluorine substituted Bi(Pb)SCCO 2 2 2 3 superconducting phase. Samples with the nominal composition of up to three F atoms per formula were synthesized. A number of experimental methods have been used to characterize the samples and to trace the phase transformations during the preparation process: DTA/TGA, XRD, EPMA (WDS and EDS), atomic absorption, potentiometry with fluoride selective electrode, resistance and inductive measurements. Fluorine was shown to enhance considerably the formation of the 2 2 2 3 phase. Thermodynamic calculations of P-T-X equilibrium in the Bi-Pb-Sr-Ca-Cu-O-F-C-H-N system were made in a wide temperature range to determine the composition of the vapours coexisting with the solid phases at different stages of the preparation process.