TY - JOUR
T1 - Eoldist, a Web Application for Estimating Cautionary Detection Distance of Birds by Automatic Detection Systems to Reduce Collisions With Wind Turbines
AU - Fluhr, Julie
AU - Duriez, Olivier
AU - Blary, Constance
AU - Chambert, Thierry
AU - Almasi, Bettina
AU - Byholm, Patrik
AU - Buitendijk, Nelleke H
AU - Champagnon, Jocelyn
AU - Dagys, Mindaugas
AU - Fiedler, Wolfgang
AU - Francesiaz, Charlotte
AU - Jiguet, Frédéric
AU - Lee, Simon
AU - Millon, Alexandre
AU - Monti, Flavio
AU - Morcelet, Lucile
AU - Nathan, Ran
AU - Nolet, Bart A
AU - Nuijten, Rascha
AU - Pilard, Philippe
AU - Ponchon, Cécile
AU - Roulin, Alexandre
AU - Santos, Carlos D
AU - Spiegel, Orr
AU - Schalcher, Kim
AU - De Seynes, Aurélie
AU - Spanoghe, Geert
AU - Wikelski, Martin
AU - Žydelis, Ramunas
AU - Besnard, Aurélien
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2025 The Author(s). Wind Energy published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
PY - 2025/2
Y1 - 2025/2
N2 - The installation of automatic detection systems (ADSs) on operating wind energy facilities is a mitigation measure to reduce bird collisions. The effectiveness of an ADS depends on a combination of parameters, including the detection distance of the bird, its flight speed, and the time to complete the chosen action (e.g., turbine shutdown). We created a web application, Eoldist, to calculate cautionary detection distances required by an ADS, using bird flight speed and turbine shutdown time as input parameters. We compiled a database of the flight speeds of 168 Western Palearctic birds from a review of scientific literature supplemented by an analysis of unpublished GPS-tracking datasets. To estimate turbine shutdown time, we conducted 137 field trials of experimental shutdown at seven wind farms and found that the duration to reach residual rotor speeds of 3 or 2 rotations per minute (rpm) was respectively 32.2 or 38.8 s on average. Based on this data, Eoldist allows the user to select a species from the database, wind turbine characteristics, and a residual rotor speed (3 or 2 rpm); it then calculates the time to reach the selected threshold and provides a distribution curve for the cautionary detection distance needed to prevent collision. This article includes examples of cautionary detection distances required for several species to demonstrate the sensitivity of key input parameters. Eoldist is freely available and should help the wind energy industry, ADS suppliers, and environmental agencies to define requirements for ADS bird detection that are compatible with the biology of the target species.
AB - The installation of automatic detection systems (ADSs) on operating wind energy facilities is a mitigation measure to reduce bird collisions. The effectiveness of an ADS depends on a combination of parameters, including the detection distance of the bird, its flight speed, and the time to complete the chosen action (e.g., turbine shutdown). We created a web application, Eoldist, to calculate cautionary detection distances required by an ADS, using bird flight speed and turbine shutdown time as input parameters. We compiled a database of the flight speeds of 168 Western Palearctic birds from a review of scientific literature supplemented by an analysis of unpublished GPS-tracking datasets. To estimate turbine shutdown time, we conducted 137 field trials of experimental shutdown at seven wind farms and found that the duration to reach residual rotor speeds of 3 or 2 rotations per minute (rpm) was respectively 32.2 or 38.8 s on average. Based on this data, Eoldist allows the user to select a species from the database, wind turbine characteristics, and a residual rotor speed (3 or 2 rpm); it then calculates the time to reach the selected threshold and provides a distribution curve for the cautionary detection distance needed to prevent collision. This article includes examples of cautionary detection distances required for several species to demonstrate the sensitivity of key input parameters. Eoldist is freely available and should help the wind energy industry, ADS suppliers, and environmental agencies to define requirements for ADS bird detection that are compatible with the biology of the target species.
KW - automatic detection system
KW - bird flight speed
KW - reduction of mortality
KW - shutdown on demand
KW - wind energy facility
KW - wind turbine
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85215398107&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1002/we.2971
DO - 10.1002/we.2971
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AN - SCOPUS:85215398107
SN - 1095-4244
VL - 28
JO - Wind Energy
JF - Wind Energy
IS - 2
M1 - e2971
ER -