TY - JOUR
T1 - In Situ Grazing-Incidence Wide-Angle Scattering Reveals Mechanisms for Phase Distribution and Disorientation in 2D Halide Perovskite Films
AU - Hoffman, Justin M.
AU - Strzalka, Joseph
AU - Flanders, Nathan C.
AU - Hadar, Ido
AU - Cuthriell, Shelby A.
AU - Zhang, Qingteng
AU - Schaller, Richard D.
AU - Dichtel, William R.
AU - Chen, Lin X.
AU - Kanatzidis, Mercouri G.
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2020 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
PY - 2020/8/1
Y1 - 2020/8/1
N2 - 2D hybrid halide perovskites with the formula (A′)2(A)n-1PbnI3n+1 have remarkable stability and promising efficiency in photovoltaic and optoelectronic devices, yet fundamental understanding of film formation, key to optimizing these devices, is lacking. Here, in situ grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering (GIWAXS) is used to monitor film formation during spin-coating. This elucidates the general film formation mechanism of 2D halide perovskites during one-step spin-coating. There are three stages of film formation: sol–gel, oriented 3D, and 2D. Three precursor phases form during the sol–gel stage and transform to perovskite, first giving a highly oriented 3D-like phase at the air/liquid interface followed by subsequent nucleations forming slightly less oriented 2D perovskite. Furthermore, heating before crystallization leads to fewer nucleations and faster removal of the precursors, improving orientation. This outlines the primary causes of phase distribution and perpendicular orientation in 2D perovskite films and paves the way for rationally designed film fabrication techniques.
AB - 2D hybrid halide perovskites with the formula (A′)2(A)n-1PbnI3n+1 have remarkable stability and promising efficiency in photovoltaic and optoelectronic devices, yet fundamental understanding of film formation, key to optimizing these devices, is lacking. Here, in situ grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering (GIWAXS) is used to monitor film formation during spin-coating. This elucidates the general film formation mechanism of 2D halide perovskites during one-step spin-coating. There are three stages of film formation: sol–gel, oriented 3D, and 2D. Three precursor phases form during the sol–gel stage and transform to perovskite, first giving a highly oriented 3D-like phase at the air/liquid interface followed by subsequent nucleations forming slightly less oriented 2D perovskite. Furthermore, heating before crystallization leads to fewer nucleations and faster removal of the precursors, improving orientation. This outlines the primary causes of phase distribution and perpendicular orientation in 2D perovskite films and paves the way for rationally designed film fabrication techniques.
KW - 2D halide perovskites, film formation
KW - kinetics
KW - photovoltaics
KW - spin-coating, thin films
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85087314139&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1002/adma.202002812
DO - 10.1002/adma.202002812
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C2 - 32614510
AN - SCOPUS:85087314139
SN - 0935-9648
VL - 32
JO - Advanced Materials
JF - Advanced Materials
IS - 33
M1 - 2002812
ER -
