Integrative machine learning approach to risk prediction for dementia and Alzheimer’s disease

Dementia, particularly Alzheimer’s disease (AD), presents a growing global health challenge characterized by cognitive decline, behavioral changes, and loss of independence. With increasing life expectancy, early diagnosis and improved clinical strategies are urgently needed. This study developed and evaluated machine learning (ML) models to predict AD risk using UK Biobank data, integrating health, genetic, and lifestyle factors. The cohort included 2878 AD cases and 72,366 controls. Among several algorithms, CatBoost performed best (ROC-AUC = 0.773), especially in females. Inputs included ICD-10 codes from 5 years pre-diagnosis, ApoE-ε4 genotype, and large collection of modifiable risk factors. Despite fewer cases, the risk predictive models for vascular dementia (VaD) outperformed the unique AD models. ApoE-ε4 was the most predictive genetic marker, while other common variants had limited utility. Key non-genetic predictors included comorbidities (e.g., diabetes, hypertension), education, physical activity, and diet. These findings highlight the value of integrating diverse data sources for dementia risk prediction and emphasize the role of sex-specific modeling and modifiable factors in early, personalized intervention strategies.