Intraoperative sonography for neurosurgery

Objective. The purpose of this study was to review the technical aspects and the clinical applications of intraoperative sonography of the central nervous system (CNS) as well as the characteristic appearances of brain and spine diseases. Methods. A pictorial review of cases is presented on the basis of the performance and interpretation of intraoperative sonography of the CNS from January 1998 to December 2004 at a single academic institution. Results. This technique is most commonly used for the localization and characterization of intracranial and spinal masses. Indications for intraoperative sonography of the CNS are biopsy guidance, tumor resection, and drainage or removal of inflammatory masses. It provides important additional information to the surgeon at the time of the operation and contributes to intraoperative decision making and surgical planning. This article reviews the advantages and limitations of intraoperative sonography of the CNS and highlights the typical appearance of CNS diseases. Conclusions. Intraoperative sonography of the CNS is an interactive technique and helps the neurosurgeon in decision making and surgical planning.