Iron management in chronic kidney disease: Conclusions from a "kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes" (KDIGO) Controversies Conference

Iain C. Macdougall*, Andreas J. Bircher, Kai Uwe Eckardt, Gregorio T. Obrador, Carol A. Pollock, Peter Stenvinkel, Dorine W. Swinkels, Christoph Wanner, Günter Weiss, Glenn M. Chertow, John W. Adamson, Tadao Akizawa, Stefan D. Anker, Michael Auerbach, Peter Bárány, Anatole Besarab, Sunil Bhandari, Ioav Cabantchik, Alan J. Collins, Daniel W. CoyneÁngel L.M. De Francisco, Steven Fishbane, Carlo A.J.M. Gaillard, Tomas Ganz, David J. Goldsmith, Chaim Hershko, Ewa A. Jankowska, Kirsten L. Johansen, Kamyar Kalantar-Zadeh, Philip A. Kalra, Bertram L. Kasiske, Francesco Locatelli, Jolanta Małyszko, Gert Mayer, Lawrence P. McMahon, Ashraf Mikhail, Elizabeta Nemeth, Amy Barton Pai, Patrick S. Parfrey, Roberto Pecoits-Filho, Simon D. Roger, Guy Rostoker, Jacques Rottembourg, Ajay K. Singh, Itzchak Slotki, Bruce S. Spinowitz, Der Cherng Tarng, Francesca Tentori, Jorge E. Toblli, Yusuke Tsukamoto, Nosratola D. Vaziri, Wolfgang C. Winkelmayer, David C. Wheeler, Elena Zakharova

*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review

218 Scopus citations

Abstract

Before the introduction of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) in 1989, repeated transfusions given to patients with end-stage renal disease caused iron overload, and the need for supplemental iron was rare. However, with the widespread introduction of ESAs, it was recognized that supplemental iron was necessary to optimize hemoglobin response and allow reduction of the ESA dose for economic reasons and recent concerns about ESA safety. Iron supplementation was also found to be more efficacious via intravenous compared to oral administration, and the use of intravenous iron has escalated in recent years. The safety of various iron compounds has been of theoretical concern due to their potential to induce iron overload, oxidative stress, hypersensitivity reactions, and a permissive environment for infectious processes. Therefore, an expert group was convened to assess the benefits and risks of parenteral iron, and to provide strategies for its optimal use while mitigating the risk for acute reactions and other adverse effects.

Original languageEnglish
Pages (from-to)28-39
Number of pages12
JournalKidney International
Volume89
Issue number1
DOIs
StatePublished - 1 Jan 2016

Bibliographical note

Publisher Copyright:
© 2016 International Society of Nephrology.

Keywords

  • chronic kidney disease
  • hypersensitivity
  • infections
  • iron
  • overload
  • oxidative stress

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