Iron uptake by plants from microbial siderophores: A study with 7-nitrobenz-2 oxa-1,3-diazole-desferrioxamine as fluorescent ferrioxamine B analog

The synthetically produced fluorescent siderophore NBD-desferrioxamine B (NBD-DFO), an analog of the natural siderophore ferrioxamine B, was used to study iron uptake by plants. Shortterm (10-hour) ⁵⁵Fe uptake rates by cotton (Gossypium spp.) and maize (Zea mays L.) plants from the modified siderophore were similar to those of the natural one. In longer-term uptake experiments (3 weeks), both siderophore treatments resulted in similar leaf chlorophyll concentration and dry matter yield. These results suggest that the synthetic derivative acts similarly to the natural siderophore. The NBD-DFO is fluorescent only when unferrated and can thus be used as a probe to follow iron removal from the siderophore. Monitoring of the fluorescence increase in a nutrient solution containing Fe³⁺-NBD-DFO showed that iron uptake by plants occurs at the cell membrane. The rate of iron uptake was significantly lower in both plant species in the presence of antibiotic agent, thus providing evidence for iron uptake by rhizosphere microbes that otherwise could have been attributed to plant uptake. Confocal fluorescence microscopy revealed that iron was taken up from the complex by cotton plants, and to a much lesser extent by maize plants. The active cotton root sites were located at the main and lateral root tips. Significant variations in the location and the intensity of the uptake were noticed under nonaxenic conditions, which suggested that rhizosphere microorganisms play an important role in NBD-DFO-mediated iron uptake.