Laser-induced thermal effects on ODMR in NV-ensemble diamond at ambient and vacuum

The spin dynamics of the negatively charged nitrogen-vacancy (NV−) centers in diamond are highly sensitive to quantum electromagnetic fluctuations arising from optical excitation, chemical interactions, and thermal processes. Here we investigated the optical and spin properties of ensembles of NV− centers in diamond under continuous-wave (CW) and nanosecond pulsed laser excitation. Optical detection of magnetic resonance (ODMR) is employed to monitor laser induced shifts of the zero-field splitting parameter D under ambient and high-vacuum conditions. Increasing CW laser power results in a systematic downshift of the resonance frequency due to laser-induced heating. The effect is significantly enhanced under vacuum, where the shift in D reaches up to ∼17 MHz, compared to ∼5 MHz in air, emphasizing the role of environmental thermal dissipation. Under nanosecond pulsed excitation, increasing the pulse repetition rate similarly leads to resonance shifts and reduced ODMR contrast, consistent with cumulative thermal effects. Spectroscopy confirms power dependent modifications of NV emission. Time resolved photoluminescence measurements showed that the excited-state lifetime (∼6 ns) remains nearly constant across the investigated excitation range, indicating that in this regime the dominant limitation is thermal loading of the spin resonance rather than a change in intrinsic radiative decay dynamics. These results provide a comprehensive characterization of thermal effects in high power optical excitation of NV ensembles and are directly relevant for high intensity NV-based sensing and spectroscopy, particularly in vacuum environments.