Macro-and micro-level theories of violence in ethnic and non-ethnic civil wars

In examining both macro-and micro-level approaches to the study of civil war, this chapter considers research in each of these traditions that both regards and disregards ethnicity as an essential explanation for violence. Given the voluminous literature on the subject, a select set of theories is reviewed. On the macro-side, we review: (i) opportunity-based arguments that address the causes of violence in non-ethnic civil wars; (ii) cross-national studies that evaluate the role of ethnicity using measures of fractionalization and polarization; and (iii) more recent configurational approaches that explicitly account for power differentials among politically relevant ethnic groups. On the micro-side, we review: (i) approaches that analyze the dynamics of rebel recruitment, retention, and support; (ii) arguments that highlight the role of information, monitoring, and control in the selective targeting of civilians; and (iii) disaggregated theories that explore the endogenous relationship between violence, ethnicity, and individual behavior. The chapter concludes with a brief review of existing macro-level datasets, as well as more recent efforts to build micro-level datasets that hold promise for bridging the macro-micro divide.