Memo for system-reforming rulers

This article examines some major problems of system reform from the top and presents improvement recommendations. Weakness in goal conceptions requires grand designs. Because of the long time that it takes to get results, staying power should be strengthened and promise of rapid benefits avoided. Turbulence is endemic to system reform, requiring use of robust 'locomotives of change' together with delineation of red lines beyond which disturbance is contained. Paradoxical processes pose catches making system reforms 'gambles with history', requiring a mix between consistency and learning. To overcome resistance and inertia, the building up of power concentrations is essential. To handle such system-reform problematics, special decision supports are proposed. Because system reform by rulers is an important mode of influencing the future, the subject is recommended as a focus for further study and improvement.