Minireview: Genetic manipulations of cholinergic communication reveal trans-acting control mechanisms over acetylcholine receptors

Several approaches have been developed for genetic modulations of receptor expression. These initiated with gene cloning and heterologous expression in microinjected Xenopus oocytes, and proceeded through transgenic expression and genomic disruption of receptor genes in mice. In addition, antisense treatments have reduced receptor levels in a transient, reversible manner. Integration of foreign DNA with host genomic sequences yields both cis- and trans-acting responses. These may depend on the DNA integration site, host cells condition and, most importantly, the affected signal transduction circuit. For example, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) overexpression in microinjected Xenopus tadpoles has been shown to upregulate α-bungarotoxin binding levels, indicating trans-acting control conferring overproduction of muscle nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. In transgenic mice expressing human AChE, the hypothermic response to oxotremorine was suppressed, reflecting modified levels of brain muscarinic receptors. To dissociate the feedback processes occurring in transfected cells from responses related to DNA integration, we examined the endogenous expression of the α₇ neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in PC 12 cells transfected with DNA vectors carrying alternative splicing variants of human AChE mRNA. Our findings demonstrate suppression of α₇ receptor levels associated with the accumulation of foreign DNA in the transfected cells. Acetylcholine receptor levels thus depend on multiple elements, each of which should be considered when genetic interventions are employed.