TY - JOUR
T1 - Modern venomics-Current insights, novel methods, and future perspectives in biological and applied animal venom research
AU - von Reumont, Bjoern M.
AU - Anderluh, Gregor
AU - Antunes, Agostinho
AU - Ayvazyan, Naira
AU - Beis, Dimitris
AU - Caliskan, Figen
AU - Crnković, Ana
AU - Damm, Maik
AU - Dutertre, Sebastien
AU - Ellgaard, Lars
AU - Gajski, Goran
AU - German, Hannah
AU - Halassy, Beata
AU - Hempel, Benjamin Florian
AU - Hucho, Tim
AU - Igci, Nasit
AU - Ikonomopoulou, Maria P.
AU - Karbat, Izhar
AU - Klapa, Maria I.
AU - Koludarov, Ivan
AU - Kool, Jeroen
AU - Lüddecke, Tim
AU - Ben Mansour, Riadh
AU - Vittoria Modica, Maria
AU - Moran, Yehu
AU - Nalbantsoy, Ayse
AU - Ibáñez, María Eugenia Pachón
AU - Panagiotopoulos, Alexios
AU - Reuveny, Eitan
AU - Céspedes, Javier Sánchez
AU - Sombke, Andy
AU - Surm, Joachim M.
AU - Undheim, Eivind A.B.
AU - Verdes, Aida
AU - Zancolli, Giulia
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© The Author(s) 2022. Published by Oxford University Press GigaScience.
PY - 2022/5/18
Y1 - 2022/5/18
N2 - Venoms have evolved >100 times in all major animal groups, and their components, known as toxins, have been fine-tuned over millions of years into highly effective biochemical weapons. There are many outstanding questions on the evolution of toxin arsenals, such as how venom genes originate, how venom contributes to the fitness of venomous species, and which modifications at the genomic, transcriptomic, and protein level drive their evolution. These questions have received particularly little attention outside of snakes, cone snails, spiders, and scorpions. Venom compounds have further become a source of inspiration for translational research using their diverse bioactivities for various applications. We highlight here recent advances and new strategies in modern venomics and discuss how recent technological innovations and multi-omic methods dramatically improve research on venomous animals. The study of genomes and their modifications through CRISPR and knockdown technologies will increase our understanding of how toxins evolve and which functions they have in the different ontogenetic stages during the development of venomous animals. Mass spectrometry imaging combined with spatial transcriptomics, in situ hybridization techniques, and modern computer tomography gives us further insights into the spatial distribution of toxins in the venom system and the function of the venom apparatus. All these evolutionary and biological insights contribute to more efficiently identify venom compounds, which can then be synthesized or produced in adapted expression systems to test their bioactivity. Finally, we critically discuss recent agrochemical, pharmaceutical, therapeutic, and diagnostic (so-called translational) aspects of venoms from which humans benefit.
AB - Venoms have evolved >100 times in all major animal groups, and their components, known as toxins, have been fine-tuned over millions of years into highly effective biochemical weapons. There are many outstanding questions on the evolution of toxin arsenals, such as how venom genes originate, how venom contributes to the fitness of venomous species, and which modifications at the genomic, transcriptomic, and protein level drive their evolution. These questions have received particularly little attention outside of snakes, cone snails, spiders, and scorpions. Venom compounds have further become a source of inspiration for translational research using their diverse bioactivities for various applications. We highlight here recent advances and new strategies in modern venomics and discuss how recent technological innovations and multi-omic methods dramatically improve research on venomous animals. The study of genomes and their modifications through CRISPR and knockdown technologies will increase our understanding of how toxins evolve and which functions they have in the different ontogenetic stages during the development of venomous animals. Mass spectrometry imaging combined with spatial transcriptomics, in situ hybridization techniques, and modern computer tomography gives us further insights into the spatial distribution of toxins in the venom system and the function of the venom apparatus. All these evolutionary and biological insights contribute to more efficiently identify venom compounds, which can then be synthesized or produced in adapted expression systems to test their bioactivity. Finally, we critically discuss recent agrochemical, pharmaceutical, therapeutic, and diagnostic (so-called translational) aspects of venoms from which humans benefit.
KW - antivenom
KW - bioassays
KW - envenomation
KW - evolution
KW - genomics
KW - modern venomics
KW - spatial -omics
KW - toxin production
KW - translational research
KW - venom
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85131193951&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1093/gigascience/giac048
DO - 10.1093/gigascience/giac048
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C2 - 35640874
AN - SCOPUS:85131193951
SN - 2047-217X
VL - 11
JO - GigaScience
JF - GigaScience
ER -