TY - JOUR
T1 - Mycoparasitism of the extramatrical phase of Glomus intraradices by Trichoderma harzianum
AU - Rousseau, Annie
AU - Benhamou, Nicole
AU - Chet, Ilan
AU - Piché, Yves
PY - 1996/5
Y1 - 1996/5
N2 - In the present study, the interaction between the saprophytic fungus Trichoderma harzianum and the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus Glomus intraradices was studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to delineate precisely the relationship established between both partners. An axenic system, divided into four compartments, proved useful for studying the interaction between T. harzianum and the extramatrical phase of G. intraradices. This experimental model, based on root-organ culture to obtain typical mycorrhizal infections, was selected as a reliable means of obtaining mycorrhizal spores and mycelium in root-free compartments. TEM observations of samples from the interaction region showed that hyphae of T. harzianum proliferated abundantly at the spore surface and penetrated the thick host wall through local hydrolysis of the wall polymers. Hyphae of the antagonist also were seen in the subtending hyphae of the AM fungus, and they grew actively in the main host hyphae. This massive colonization was associated with marked cell damage, involving partial to complete disorganization of the cytoplasm, which led in most cases to loss of the protoplasm and apparent bursting of the main hyphae of G. intraradices, resulting in the release of the actively proliferating Trichoderma hyphae. At an advanced stage of the colonization process, the main hyphae of G. intraradices were perforated in many places. The use of wheat germ agglutinin/ovomucoid-gold complex for the localization of chitin monomers resulted in regular labeling of the host cell walls even when spores, subtending hyphae, and main hyphae of G. intraradices were colonized massively. Chitinolytic degradation was seen only in areas adjacent to the sites of Trichoderma penetration. According to our observations, the interaction between T. harzianum and G. intraradices involves the following events: (i) recognition and local penetration of the antagonist into mycorrhizal spores; (ii) active proliferation of antagonist cells in mycorrhizal hyphae; and (iii) release of the antagonist through moribund hyphal cells.
AB - In the present study, the interaction between the saprophytic fungus Trichoderma harzianum and the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus Glomus intraradices was studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to delineate precisely the relationship established between both partners. An axenic system, divided into four compartments, proved useful for studying the interaction between T. harzianum and the extramatrical phase of G. intraradices. This experimental model, based on root-organ culture to obtain typical mycorrhizal infections, was selected as a reliable means of obtaining mycorrhizal spores and mycelium in root-free compartments. TEM observations of samples from the interaction region showed that hyphae of T. harzianum proliferated abundantly at the spore surface and penetrated the thick host wall through local hydrolysis of the wall polymers. Hyphae of the antagonist also were seen in the subtending hyphae of the AM fungus, and they grew actively in the main host hyphae. This massive colonization was associated with marked cell damage, involving partial to complete disorganization of the cytoplasm, which led in most cases to loss of the protoplasm and apparent bursting of the main hyphae of G. intraradices, resulting in the release of the actively proliferating Trichoderma hyphae. At an advanced stage of the colonization process, the main hyphae of G. intraradices were perforated in many places. The use of wheat germ agglutinin/ovomucoid-gold complex for the localization of chitin monomers resulted in regular labeling of the host cell walls even when spores, subtending hyphae, and main hyphae of G. intraradices were colonized massively. Chitinolytic degradation was seen only in areas adjacent to the sites of Trichoderma penetration. According to our observations, the interaction between T. harzianum and G. intraradices involves the following events: (i) recognition and local penetration of the antagonist into mycorrhizal spores; (ii) active proliferation of antagonist cells in mycorrhizal hyphae; and (iii) release of the antagonist through moribund hyphal cells.
KW - Biocontrol agent
KW - Chitinase
KW - Parasitism
KW - Transformed roots
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=0001014046&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1094/Phyto-86-434
DO - 10.1094/Phyto-86-434
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AN - SCOPUS:0001014046
SN - 0031-949X
VL - 86
SP - 434
EP - 443
JO - Phytopathology
JF - Phytopathology
IS - 5
ER -