TY - JOUR
T1 - Myocardial Metabolism Altered by Ischemic Preconditioning and Enflurane in Off-Pump Coronary Artery Surgery
AU - Drenger, Benjamin
AU - Gilon, Dan
AU - Chevion, Mordechai
AU - Elami, Amir
AU - Meroz, Yuval
AU - Milgalter, Eli
AU - Gozal, Yaacov
PY - 2008/6
Y1 - 2008/6
N2 - Objective: During off-pump coronary artery bypass (OPCAB) surgery, the heart is subjected to ischemia and reperfusion. The authors hypothesized that the volatile anesthetics are as effective as ischemic preconditioning (IPC) in preserving myocardial function during off-pump cardiac surgery, and this effect is because of multiple mechanisms of action. Therefore, the effects of enflurane with its calcium inhibition and antioxidative properties were compared with mechanical IPC in preserving myocardial cellular markers. Design: A prospective, randomized, controlled, and partly blinded study. Setting: A tertiary care university hospital. Participants: Twenty-five patients undergoing elective single-graft OPCAB surgery. Interventions: Patients were randomized into 3 groups: (1) control (n = 8), (2) a single 5-minute ischemia/reperfusion interval of IPC before coronary occlusion (n = 9), and (3) 1.6% enflurane anesthesia 15 minutes before and during graft attachment (n = 8). Arterial and coronary sinus venous blood were analyzed for biochemical indices of ischemia and hydroxyl radical generation. Measurements and Main Results: Although the hemodynamic changes were small, myocardial lactate production in the control group increased by 120%, whereas in the enflurane group it decreased significantly (p < 0.01) compared with the control and IPC groups. Oxygen utilization in the control group was 44% higher (p < 0.03), and there was also a larger release of the hydroxyl radical-dependent adduct 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid (225% increase, p < 0.05) compared with both study groups. During reperfusion, initial anterior wall hypokinesis by TEE was observed, with slow recovery during reperfusion compared with early recovery in both study groups. Conclusions: Coronary occlusion during OPCAB surgery results in increased production of ischemia-related metabolic products. The application of methods such as IPC or volatile anesthesia appears to reduce the metabolic deficit, free-radical production, and physiologic changes.
AB - Objective: During off-pump coronary artery bypass (OPCAB) surgery, the heart is subjected to ischemia and reperfusion. The authors hypothesized that the volatile anesthetics are as effective as ischemic preconditioning (IPC) in preserving myocardial function during off-pump cardiac surgery, and this effect is because of multiple mechanisms of action. Therefore, the effects of enflurane with its calcium inhibition and antioxidative properties were compared with mechanical IPC in preserving myocardial cellular markers. Design: A prospective, randomized, controlled, and partly blinded study. Setting: A tertiary care university hospital. Participants: Twenty-five patients undergoing elective single-graft OPCAB surgery. Interventions: Patients were randomized into 3 groups: (1) control (n = 8), (2) a single 5-minute ischemia/reperfusion interval of IPC before coronary occlusion (n = 9), and (3) 1.6% enflurane anesthesia 15 minutes before and during graft attachment (n = 8). Arterial and coronary sinus venous blood were analyzed for biochemical indices of ischemia and hydroxyl radical generation. Measurements and Main Results: Although the hemodynamic changes were small, myocardial lactate production in the control group increased by 120%, whereas in the enflurane group it decreased significantly (p < 0.01) compared with the control and IPC groups. Oxygen utilization in the control group was 44% higher (p < 0.03), and there was also a larger release of the hydroxyl radical-dependent adduct 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid (225% increase, p < 0.05) compared with both study groups. During reperfusion, initial anterior wall hypokinesis by TEE was observed, with slow recovery during reperfusion compared with early recovery in both study groups. Conclusions: Coronary occlusion during OPCAB surgery results in increased production of ischemia-related metabolic products. The application of methods such as IPC or volatile anesthesia appears to reduce the metabolic deficit, free-radical production, and physiologic changes.
KW - coronary artery bypass graft surgery
KW - enflurane
KW - free radicals
KW - heart
KW - hydroxyl radicals
KW - ischemic preconditioning
KW - myocardial protection
KW - off-pump coronary artery bypass
KW - volatile anesthetics
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=44149123317&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1053/j.jvca.2007.12.023
DO - 10.1053/j.jvca.2007.12.023
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C2 - 18503923
AN - SCOPUS:44149123317
SN - 1053-0770
VL - 22
SP - 369
EP - 376
JO - Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia
JF - Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia
IS - 3
ER -