Abstract
By force of nature, every bit of spoken language is produced at a particular speed. However, this speed is not constant—speakers regularly speed up and slow down. Variation in speech rate is influenced by a complex combination of factors, including the frequency and predictability of words, their information status, and their position within an utterance. Here, we use speech rate as an index of word-planning effort and focus on the time window during which speakers prepare the production of words from the two major lexical classes, nouns and verbs. We show that, when naturalistic speech is sampled from languages all over the world, there is a robust cross-linguistic tendency for slower speech before nouns compared with verbs, both in terms of slower articulation and more pauses. We attribute this slowdown effect to the increased amount of planning that nouns require compared with verbs. Unlike verbs, nouns can typically only be used when they represent new or unexpected information; otherwise, they have to be replaced by pronouns or be omitted. These conditions on noun use appear to outweigh potential advantages stemming from differences in internal complexity between nouns and verbs. Our findings suggest that, beneath the staggering diversity of grammatical structures and cultural settings, there are robust universals of language processing that are intimately tied to how speakers manage referential information when they communicate with one another.
Original language | American English |
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Pages (from-to) | 5720-5725 |
Number of pages | 6 |
Journal | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |
Volume | 115 |
Issue number | 22 |
DOIs | |
State | Published - 29 May 2018 |
Externally published | Yes |
Bibliographical note
Funding Information:Studies on Language Complexity (ASLAN) (ANR-10-LABX-0081) of the Uni-versité de Lyon for its financial support within the program “Investissements d’Avenir” (ANR-11-IDEX-0007) of the French government operated by the
Funding Information:
We thank all native speakers that provided data and all assistants that helped annotate the data. We acknowledge the comments of Damián E. Blasi, Sebastian Sauppe, Volker Dellwo, and Sabine Stoll. The research of F.S. and J.S. was supported by grants from the Volkswagen Foundation’s Dokumentation Bedrohter Sprachen (DoBeS) program (80 110, 83 522, 86 292, and 89 550) and the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology; the research of S.W. was supported by a European Research Council (ERC) Advanced Grant [MesAndLin(g)k, Grant 295918, Principal Investigator W. Adelaar] and by a subsidy of the Russian Government to support the Programme of Competitive Development of Kazan Federal University. B.P. is grateful to Laboratoires d’Excellence (LABEX) Advanced Seifart et al. Studies on Language Complexity (ASLAN) (ANR-10-LABX-0081) of the Université de Lyon for its financial support within the program “Investissements d’Avenir” (ANR-11-IDEX-0007) of the French government operated by the National Research Agency (ANR). The research of B.B. was supported by Swiss National Science Foundation Grant CRSII1_160739 (“Linguistic Morphology in Time and Space”).
Funding Information:
National Research Agency (ANR). The research of B.B. was supported by Swiss National Science Foundation Grant CRSII1_160739 (“Linguistic Morphology in Time and Space”).
Funding Information:
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. We thank all native speakers that provided data and all assistants that helped annotate the data. We acknowledge the comments of Damián E. Blasi, Sebastian Sauppe, Volker Dellwo, and Sabine Stoll. The research of F.S. and J.S. was supported by grants from the Volkswagen Foundation’s Dokumentation Bedrohter Sprachen (DoBeS) program (80 110, 83 522, 86 292, and 89 550) and the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology; the research of S.W. was supported by a European Research Council (ERC) Advanced Grant [MesAndLin(g)k, Grant 295918, Principal Investigator W. Adelaar] and by a subsidy of the Russian Government to support the Programme of Competitive Development of Kazan Federal University. B.P. is grateful to Laboratoires d’Excellence (LABEX) Advanced
Publisher Copyright:
© 2018 National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Keywords
- Language processing
- Language universals
- Nouns
- Speech rate
- Word planning