On the genitalia of the pupipara and their homologies with those of Calliphora and Glossina

The genitalia of the Pupipara are markedly modified from those of other higher Cyclorrhapha and the nomenclature used is mainly descriptive and controversial; different terminologies have been used by the various authors. The present paper is an attempt to establish homologies with the genitalia of other Cyclorrhapha. Calliphora erythrocephala and Glossina taehinoides were used for comparison. The genitalia of species of Glossina vary to some extent and the conditions described here may not apply in every detail to other species. The genitalia of Hippoboscidae and Nycteroboscinae are completely retracted inside the abdomen at rest and are extended by muscles for copulation, while the genitalia of Nycteribiidae are external in most genera, but in Cyclopodia they are retracted. In this genus, however, the structure and mechanism of the genitalia are entirely different from that of the Hippoboscidae and Nycteroboscinae and the differences are apparently a new development (Theodor, 1959, 1963). Retraction inside the abdomen has resulted in marked changes in the musculature necessary for the evertion of the genitalia.