Paleopathological and molecular evidence of human bone tuberculosis in Iron Age Lithuania.

Skeletal remains of two individuals, showing lesions suggestive of bone tuberculosis, from the archaeological sites of Marvele and Sukioniai in Lithuania were analyzed at the DNA level. The diagnosis of bone tuberculosis was confirmed in the remains from Marvele by amplifiying a 245-bp fragment of a repetitive insertion element-like sequence (IS 6110) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA. This is direct evidence for the presence of tuberculosis in Lithuania at the beginning of the first millennium AD. The individual from Sukioniai was found to be tuberculosis-negative. No PCR product was obtained for the 245-bp target sequence or for a smaller 123-bp DNA fragment specific for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. However, amplifiable ancient DNA appeared to be present in the examined specimen as was shown by the results of the DNA-based sex identification, which indicated, consistent with the bone morphology, a male individual.