Pardaxin, a hydrophobic toxin of the red sea flatfish, disassembles the intact membrane of vesicular stomatitis virus

Reaction of vesicular stomatitis virus with pardaxin, the hydrophobic toxin of the Red Sea flatfish, resulted in a profound morphological change of many virions and dissociation of their membrane and nucleocapsid into components readily separable by density gradient centrifugation. The basic matrix protein and acidic pardaxin segregated largely with the high density nucleocapsid. The dissociated virion membrane formed lipoprotein vesicles which retained glycoprotein spikes and a certain amount of N protein but no appreciable amounts of other nucleocapsid proteins and little if any RNA. Iodination of the tyrosine residue of the glycoprotein tail fragment provided supporting evidence that the COOH terminus of the glycoprotein extends beyond the inner layer of the membrane into the interior of the virion. These data indicate that pardaxin may serve as a probe for studying the organization of viral membranes, and, hopefully, other biological membranes.