Patron-Client Relations, Social and Anthropological Study of

Patron"client relations (PCR) involve asymmetric but mutually beneficial, open-ended transactions based on the differential control by individuals or groups over the access and flow of resources in stratified societies. Patrons provide selective access to resources they control, or place themselves or the clients in positions from which they can divert resources in their favor. In exchange, the clients are supposed to provide resources and services, while sometimes boosting the patron's reputation. The study of PCR has revealed the persisting impact of hierarchical networks in contemporary societies, contributing to the reevaluation of paradigms in social science. Debates continue about the institutional viability and significance of PCR and clientelism in late modernity.