Positions under positive selection-key for selectivity and potency of scorpion α-toxins

Alpha-neurotoxins target voltage-gated sodium channels (Navs) and constitute an important component in the venom of Buthidae scorpions. These toxins are short polypeptides highly conserved in sequence and three-dimensional structure, and yet they differ greatly in activity and preference for insect and various mammalian Navs. Despite extensive studies of the structure-function relationship of these toxins, only little is known about their evolution and phylogeny. Using a broad data set based on published sequences and rigorous cloning, we reconstructed a reliable phylogenetic tree of scorpion α-toxins and estimated the evolutionary forces involved in the diversification of their genes using maximum likelihood-based methods. Although the toxins are largely conserved, four positions were found to evolve under positive selection, of which two (10 and 18; numbered according to LqhαIT and Lqh2 from the Israeli yellow scorpion Leiurus quinquestriatus hebraeus) have been previously shown to affect toxin activity. The putative role of the other two positions (39 and 41) was analyzed by mutagenesis of Lqh2 and LqhαIT. Whereas substitution P41K in Lqh2 did not alter its activity, substitution K41P in LqhαIT significantly decreased the activity at insect and mammalian Navs. Surprisingly, not only that substitution A39L in both toxins increased their activity by 10-fold but also LqhαIT^A39L was active at the mammalian brain channel rNav1.2a, which otherwise is hardly affected by LqhαIT, and Lqh2^A39L was active at the insect channel, DmNav1, which is almost insensitive to Lqh2. Thus, position 39 is involved not only in activity but also in toxin selectivity. Overall, this study describes evolutionary forces involved in the diversification of scorpion alpha-toxins, highlights the key role of positions under positive selection for selectivity and potency, and raises new questions as to the toxin-channel face of interaction.