Process-focused and product-focused community planning: Two variations of empowering professional practice

This paper presents a structured, multi-faceted discussion of community planning as an empowering professional practice. The process-focused and the product-focused styles of community planning are developed within a conceptual model for how these two types of planners might integrate empowerment into their professional practice. The model uses stages of rational comprehensive planning, as a basic planning method, and stages of community empowerment, as both the context and the desired planning outcome.