Radio Emission from Tidal Disruption Events Produced by the Collision between Super-Eddington Outflows and the Circumnuclear Medium

In this Letter, we simulate the collision between outflows from the tidal disruption of a 1 M_⊙ main-sequence star around a 10⁶ M_⊙ black hole and an initially spherically symmetric circumnuclear cloud. We launch super-Eddington outflows self-consistently by simulating the disruption of stars on both bound and unbound initial orbits using general relativistic smoothed particle hydrodynamics. We find that shocks formed as early as ∼10 days after the initial stellar disruption produce prompt radio emission. The shock radius (≈10¹⁷ cm), velocity (∼0.15c), and total energy (∼10⁵¹ erg) in our simulations match those inferred from radio observations of tidal disruption events (TDEs). We ray-trace to produce synthetic radio images and spectra to compare with the observations. While the TDE outflow is quasi-spherical, the synchrotron emitting region is aspherical but with reflection symmetry above and below the initial orbital plane. Our synthetic spectra show a continuous decay in peak frequency, matching prompt radio TDE observations. Our model supports the hypothesis that synchrotron radio flares from TDEs result from the collision between outflows and the circumnuclear material.