Rapid and specific detection of nanoparticles and viruses one at a time using microfluidic laminar flow and confocal fluorescence microscopy

Mainstream virus detection relies on the specific amplification of nucleic acids via polymerase chain reaction, a process that is slow and requires extensive laboratory expertise and equipment. Other modalities, such as antigen-based tests, allow much faster virus detection but have reduced sensitivity. In this study, we introduce an approach for rapid and specific detection of single nanoparticles using a confocal-based flow virometer. The combination of laminar flow in a microfluidic channel and correlated fluorescence signals emerging from both free dyes and fluorescently labeled primary antibodies provide insights into nanoparticle volumes and specificities. We evaluate and validate the assay using fluorescent beads and viruses, including SARS-CoV-2 with fluorescently labeled primary antibodies. Additionally, we demonstrate how hydrodynamic focusing enhances the assay sensitivity for detecting viruses at relevant loads. Based on our results, we envision the future use of this technology for clinically relevant bio-nanoparticles, supported by the implementation of the assay in a portable and user-friendly setup.