Reconstituted enzymes on electropolymerizable FAD-modified metallic nanoparticles: Functional units for the assembly of effectively "wired" enzyme electrodes

Au nanoparticles are functionalized with thioaniline electropolymerizable units and mercaptophenyl boronic acid ligands. Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) is linked to the boronic acid ligands and apo-glucose oxidase, apo-GOx, is reconstituted on the FAD cofactor units to yield enzymes in a structurally-aligned configuration in respect to the Au NPs. Electropolymerization of the enzyme-functionalized Au NPs on a thioaniline-modified Au electrode yields a three-dimensional bis-aniline-crosslinked Au NPs/reconstituted glucose oxidase matrix on the electrode that reveals effective electrical contacting with the electrode.