Red Giant Destruction by Stellar and Black Hole Collisions in Galactic Nuclei

We study the impact of collisions involving red giants (RGs) in the dense stellar environments of galactic nuclei. We analytically estimate when collisions with main-sequence stars or stellar-mass black holes (BHs) can strip an RG’s envelope via ram pressure or accretion-driven shocks, or eject its helium core through gravitational recoil. At high velocities, v ≳ 10³ km s⁻¹, collisions with main-sequence stars efficiently deplete the RG population. At lower velocities, collisions with stellar-mass BHs typically dominate over stellar encounters, but the overall RG destruction rate is low and does not significantly affect the RG population. Nonetheless, these collisions produce low-mass helium white dwarfs, which are the stripped cores of the disrupted RGs, at a rate of ∼500 Gyr⁻¹. Helium white dwarfs can produce an interesting class of white dwarf tidal disruption events around ∼10⁵⁻⁶M_⊙ massive black holes where carbon–oxygen white dwarfs cannot be tidally disrupted outside the horizon. Applied to our own Galactic center, we quantify the impact of collisions on the observed population of RGs, as well as the effects of their intrinsic scarcity due to short RG lifetimes. We find that the RG projected density flattens within ∼1″, primarily due to collisions for fainter RGs and their short lifetimes for more luminous RGs.