TY - JOUR
T1 - Removal of Emerging Contaminants by Degradation during Filtration
T2 - A Review of Experimental Procedures and Modeling
AU - Undabeytia, Tomás
AU - Jiménez-Barrera, José Manuel
AU - Nir, Shlomo
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2023 by the authors.
PY - 2024/1
Y1 - 2024/1
N2 - Here, we review the efficient removal of organic micropollutants from water by degradation during filtration using specialized bacteria and enzymes. In both approaches, the filter provides essential binding sites where efficient degradation can occur. A model is presented that enables the simulation and prediction of the kinetics of filtration for a given pollutant concentration, flow rate, and filter dimensions and can facilitate the design of experiments and capacity estimates; it predicts the establishment of a steady state, during which the emerging concentrations of the pollutants remain constant. One method to remove cyanotoxins produced by Microcystis cyanobacteria, which pose a threat at concentrations above 1.0 µg L−1, is to use an activated granular carbon filter with a biofilm; this method resulted in the complete removal of the filtered toxins (5 µg L−1) during a long experiment (225 d). This system was analyzed using a model which predicted complete toxin removal when applied at a 10-fold-higher concentration. Enzymes are also used in filtration processes for the degradation of trace organic contaminants, mostly through the use of membrane bioreactors, where the enzyme is continuously introduced or maintained in the bioreactor, or it is immobilized on the membrane.
AB - Here, we review the efficient removal of organic micropollutants from water by degradation during filtration using specialized bacteria and enzymes. In both approaches, the filter provides essential binding sites where efficient degradation can occur. A model is presented that enables the simulation and prediction of the kinetics of filtration for a given pollutant concentration, flow rate, and filter dimensions and can facilitate the design of experiments and capacity estimates; it predicts the establishment of a steady state, during which the emerging concentrations of the pollutants remain constant. One method to remove cyanotoxins produced by Microcystis cyanobacteria, which pose a threat at concentrations above 1.0 µg L−1, is to use an activated granular carbon filter with a biofilm; this method resulted in the complete removal of the filtered toxins (5 µg L−1) during a long experiment (225 d). This system was analyzed using a model which predicted complete toxin removal when applied at a 10-fold-higher concentration. Enzymes are also used in filtration processes for the degradation of trace organic contaminants, mostly through the use of membrane bioreactors, where the enzyme is continuously introduced or maintained in the bioreactor, or it is immobilized on the membrane.
KW - biofilm
KW - clay-based complexes
KW - degradation
KW - degradation during filtration
KW - enzymes
KW - filters
KW - GAC
KW - modeling filtration–degradation
KW - organic contaminants
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85181851841&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.3390/w16010110
DO - 10.3390/w16010110
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AN - SCOPUS:85181851841
SN - 2073-4441
VL - 16
JO - Water (Switzerland)
JF - Water (Switzerland)
IS - 1
M1 - 110
ER -