Rethinking smallholder classification: Moving beyond the 2-hectare threshold

The 2-hectare threshold remains a dominant metric for defining what a smallholder farmer is in agricultural research and policy. Yet, such simplicity conceals the diversity and complexity of smallholder livelihoods worldwide. This article argues that relying solely on land size represents a misrepresentation of vulnerability, misguides food security interventions, and undermines the precision of SDG monitoring. A multidimensional classification framework that integrates economic, social, environmental, and individual-personal dimensions is proposed to more accurately capture smallholder realities. Such an approach can enhance the targeting and effectiveness of agricultural support programs while remaining adaptable across diverse contexts. Balancing conceptual rigour with operational feasibility is key to designing responsive and inclusive food security strategies in times of accelerating global change. This article contributes to ongoing debates on food security policy and offers directions for future interdisciplinary research.