Selective interactions of transforming and normal abl proteins with ATP, tyrosine-copolymer substrates, and tyrphostins

The transforming abl proteins p160(gag-abl), p185(bcr-abl), and p210(bcr- abl) and the normal protein p140(c-abl) have identical catalytic sites, but differ in their N-terminal domains. Previous studies have indicated that the transforming abl proteins possess higher tyrosine kinase activity than the normal abl proto-oncogene product. In the present study, we demonstrate that two transforming abl proteins, p210(bcr-abl) and p160(gag-abl), exhibit a higher affinity toward ATP and synthetic tyrosine containing substrates than p140(c-abl). Furthermore, protein tyrosine kinase blockers from the tyrphostin family can discriminate between normal abl and transforming abl proteins of both human and mouse origin. These results suggest that the transforming potency of the abl proteins may result from their higher affinities toward intracellular signal transducers and demonstrate for the first time that oncogene products can differ from their homologous proto- oncogene product in substrate specificity. The ability of tyrphostins to discriminate between normal and transforming abl proteins suggests that it may be possible to design specific abl kinase inhibitors to combat abl- associated human leukemias.