Sensory Subgroups in Autism: The Role of Cognitive Abilities

Purpose: Sensory processing differences are a core feature of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and can substantially affect adaptive functioning. This study aimed to examine how sensory profiles interact with autism characteristics and cognitive abilities. Specifically, it investigated whether distinct sensory subgroups emerge based on cognitive stratification and how these profiles relate to behavioral and adaptive outcomes. Methods: The study included 823 children diagnosed with ASD, categorized into cognitive ability groups based on IQ scores (< 70 and ≥ 85). Sensory profiles were measured using the Sensory Profile-2 and analyzed using a two-step clustering algorithm to identify sensory subgroups. Behavioral and adaptive functioning were assessed across these subgroups to explore their associations with sensory patterns. Results: Seven distinct sensory subgroups were identified: two among children with lower cognitive abilities (< 70 IQ), two among children with borderline cognitive abilities (> 70 < 85), and three among those with higher cognitive abilities (≥ 85). A unique subgroup emerged in the higher IQ group, characterized by increased sensory avoidance. Across all groups, atypical sensory profiles were associated with greater behavioral challenges and reduced adaptive functioning. Notably, avoidance behaviors in the higher IQ subgroup correlated with better adaptive outcomes, suggesting a possible compensatory role for sensory regulation strategies. Conclusion: The findings emphasize the importance of incorporating cognitive stratification in sensory subtyping research in ASD. Sensory avoidance, particularly in individuals with higher cognitive abilities, may serve as a beneficial self-regulation strategy. This study advances understanding of sensory-cognitive interplay in ASD, and can inform personalized approaches to support adaptive functioning and mitigate behavioral challenges.