Street-level implementation scenery: frontstage, backstage and the prompter

Street-level implementation distinguishes policy implementation activities characterized by direct interaction with the public. Playing a key role in the public sphere, street-level implementation raises not only theoretical and empirical interest but also normative questions about whether street-level discretion is a problem to solve or a resource to nurture for advancing public well-being. In an attempt to allow a comprehensive review of street-level implementation, this chapter focuses on four focal points. First, the well-documented frontstage of street-level implementation which delves into direct-delivery interactions between individuals and officials. Second, recently emerging research on the backstage of street-level implementation, which shifts attention to activities and processes that facilitate and structure direct-delivery interactions. Third, recent increase in using quantitative methods and behavioral public administration approach as well as considering street-level implementation in weaker democracies contexts and in the developing world. Lastly, the concluding section points to understudied aspects and suggests directions for future research.