Abstract
Existing mortality estimates assert that the Justinianic Plague (circa 541 to 750 CE) caused tens of millions of deaths throughout the Mediterranean world and Europe, helping to end antiquity and start the Middle Ages. In this article, we argue that this paradigm does not fit the evidence. We examine a series of independent quantitative and qualitative datasets that are directly or indirectly linked to demographic and economic trends during this two-century period: Written sources, legislation, coinage, papyri, inscriptions, pollen, ancient DNA, and mortuary archaeology. Individually or together, they fail to support the maximalist paradigm: None has a clear independent link to plague outbreaks and none supports maximalist reconstructions of late antique plague. Instead of large-scale, disruptive mortality, when contextualized and examined together, the datasets suggest continuity across the plague period. Although demographic, economic, and political changes continued between the 6th and 8th centuries, the evidence does not support the now commonplace claim that the Justinianic Plague was a primary causal factor of them.
Original language | American English |
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Pages (from-to) | 25546-25554 |
Number of pages | 9 |
Journal | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |
Volume | 116 |
Issue number | 51 |
DOIs | |
State | Published - 17 Dec 2019 |
Bibliographical note
Funding Information:ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. We thank Princeton University’s History Department for supporting this project; David Gyllenhaal (Princeton University), who contributed to the Syriac sources in SI Appendix, Table S1; John Haldon (Princeton University) and Neil Roberts (University of Plymouth and Oxford University) for commenting on drafts of this paper; and Bernard Palme (University of Vienna) for commenting on the papyri section. The work of L.M., M.E., T.P.N., and A.I. was supported by Princeton’s Climate Change and History Research Initiative. L.M. and M.E.’s work was also supported by the National Socio-Environmental Synthesis Center funded by the National Science Foundation (DBI-1639145). T.P.N. acknowledges support from the Georgetown Environmental Initiative. A.I. recognizes funding received from the Max Planck Society and from Poland’s Ministry of Science and Higher Education (2012–2014, 2016–2019). J.E.K. recognizes support from an American Council of Learned Societies/Mellon Dissertation Fellowship. J.E.K. and M.E. acknowledge support from Princeton University’s Center for Digital Humanities. H.P. recognizes support from a Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada Insight Grant, the Canadian Research Council Program, Canadian Institute for Advances Research, and McMaster University.
Funding Information:
We thank Princeton University?s History Department for supporting this project; David Gyllenhaal (Princeton University), who contributed to the Syriac sources in SI Appendix, Table S1; John Haldon (Princeton University) and Neil Roberts (University of Plymouth and Oxford University) for commenting on drafts of this paper; and Bernard Palme (University of Vienna) for commenting on the papyri section. The work of L.M., M.E., T.P.N., and A.I. was supported by Princeton?s Climate Change and History Research Initiative. L.M. and M.E.?s work was also supported by the National Socio-Environmental Synthesis Center funded by the National Science Foundation (DBI-1639145). T.P.N. acknowledges support from the Georgetown Environmental Initiative. A.I. recognizes funding received from the Max Planck Society and from Poland?s Ministry of Science and Higher Education (2012?2014, 2016?2019). J.E.K. recognizes support from an American Council of Learned Societies/Mellon Dissertation Fellowship. J.E.K. and M.E. acknowledge support from Princeton University?s Center for Digital Humanities. H.P. recognizes support from a Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada Insight Grant, the Canadian Research Council Program, Canadian Institute for Advances Research, and McMaster University.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2019 National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Keywords
- First plague pandemic
- Justinianic Plague
- Late Antiquity
- Plague
- Yersinia pestis