The Numerous Ways Glutamate Transporters can go Wrong

The Severity of SLC1A2-Associated Neurodevelopmental Disorders Correlates With Transporter DysfunctionKovermann P, Bayat A, Fenger CD, Leeuwen L, Borovikov A, Sharkov A, Levrat V, Lesca G, Perrin L, Levy J, Fahlke C, Møller RS, Jensen AA. EBioMedicine. 2025;114:105648.Background: Excitatory amino acid transporter 2 (EAAT2) is the predominant glutamate transporter and a key mediator of excitatory neurotransmission in the human brain. Here we present a cohort of 18 individuals harbouring 13 different SLC1A2 variants, who all present with neurodevelopmental impairment with variable symptoms and disease severities, and we delineate the impact of these variants on EAAT2 function. Methods: The consequences of 9 novel missense SLC1A2 variants for expression, transport, and anion channel properties of EAAT2 expressed in mammalian cells were characterized by confocal microscopy, enzyme-linked immunosorbent and [3H]-D-aspartate uptake assays, and electrophysiological recordings. Findings: Ten of the 13 SLC1A2 variants mediated significant changes to EAAT2 expression and/or function. These molecular phenotypes were classified into 3 categories: overall loss-of-function (F249Sfs∗17, A432D, A439V, c.1421+1G > C), mild gain-of-anion-channel function (I276S, G360A), and mixed loss-of-transport/gain-of-anion-channel function (G82R, L85R, L85P, P289R). In contrast, L37P, H542R, and I546T did not mediate significant changes to EAAT2 expression or function. Although specific clinical outcomes in individuals carrying variants within each category varied somewhat, the 3 categories overall translated into distinct clinical phenotypes in terms of phenotypic traits and severity. Interpretation: The observed associations between functional effects and clinical phenotypes produced by these variants offer valuable insights for future predictions of progression and severity of SLC1A2-associated neurodevelopmental disorders. Furthermore, these associations between variant-induced changes in EAAT2 function and phenotypic traits could assist in tailoring personalized treatments of these disorders.