The Origin of the Sogdian Civic Communities (naf)

The article discusses when, how and why oligarchic, self-governed civic communities (naf) emerged in Sogdiana. On the basis of primary sources, such as the Kultobe inscriptions, and on comparative material from the two best-known city-state cultures-the Greek poleis and the medieval north Italian republics-it is argued that the development of the Sogdian civic communities occurred during the first century BCE-second century CE, when Sogdiana was part of the nomad-ruled Kangju state. This process is linked to Sogdian colonial expansion and the growth in the volume and complexity of trade.