Three-dimensional configuration and dynamics of the fresh–saline water interface near two saline lakes with different levels (Middle East)

A typical fresh–saline water interface in a coastal aquifer is characterized by saline-water circulation below the interface and freshwater flow above. Both flows are perpendicular to the shoreline. The flow pattern near two separated saline lakes is more complicated. For example, in the Middle East, the Dead Sea northern basin and the evaporation ponds of the Dead Sea Works are adjacent to each other but separated. The northern basin level is dropping by 1.1 m/year and the evaporation ponds’ levels are increasing by 0.2 m/year. The fresh–saline water interface in such situation is numerically simulated. Streamlines parallel or semiparallel to the shoreline are significant. Moreover, the fresh–saline water interface intrudes landward adjacent to the higher saline lake and is pushed lakeward adjacent to the lower saline lake. The simulation results support field observations showing that the interface migrates vertically at a faster rate relative to the changes in the water table and the lake levels.