Transitional identities: challenges and coping mechanisms of Israeli gay fathers during assisted reproductive technologies

Background: The rise in gay fatherhood, facilitated by advancements in surrogacy, has led to increased research on the well-being of gay fathers. However, there is limited understanding of how these fathers experience and cope with the psychological challenges of assisted reproductive technologies (ART), especially in specific cultural contexts like Israel. Objective: This study examines the experiences and coping strategies of Israeli gay fathers using transnational surrogacy, applying liminality as a framework to understand their navigation of the ART process. Method: Semi-structured interviews with 22 Israeli gay fathers were analysed using thematic analysis, to identify patterns related to their challenges and coping mechanisms. Results: Participants described a complex emotional journey involving phases of separation, uncertainty, and transformation. Key challenges during pregnancy included feelings of limited control due to physical distance from the surrogate, concerns over control, and cultural and linguistic barriers. Coping strategies involved normalising detachment, seeking professional support, and reframing relationships with surrogates. Transitioning to fatherhood brought both anxiety and joy, improving relationships with families who had previously struggled to accept their sexual identity, and enabling greater social acceptance and a renewed sense of identity. Conclusions: Our findings highlight the challenges of navigating status changes and transitional phases, emphasising the difficulties inherent in liminality. The study sheds light on adaptive coping strategies and underscores the importance of supportive networks for gay fathers undergoing ART. It also emphasises the role of cultural context in shaping these experiences, suggesting further research to deepen the understanding of gay fatherhood through ART.