Value Modulation of Self-Defeating Impulsivity

Background: Impulse control is a critical aspect of cognitive functioning. Intuitively, whether an action is executed prematurely depends on its associated reward, yet the link between value and impulsivity remains poorly understood. Three frameworks for impulsivity offer contrasting views: impulsive behavior may be valuable because it is associated with hidden internal reward (e.g., reduction of mental effort). Alternatively, it can emerge from exploration, which is disadvantageous in the short term but can yield long-term benefits. Finally, impulsivity may reflect Pavlovian bias, an inherent tendency that occurs even when its outcome is negative. Methods: To test these hypotheses, we trained 17 male mice to withhold licking while anticipating variable rewards. We then measured and optogenetically manipulated dopamine release in the ventral striatum. Results: We found that higher reward magnitudes correlated with increased impulsivity. This behavior was well explained by a Pavlovian bias model. Furthermore, we observed negative dopamine signals during premature licking, suggesting that in this task, impulsivity is not merely an unsuccessful attempt at obtaining a reward. Rather, it is a failure to overcome the urge to act prematurely despite knowledge of the negative consequences of such impulsive actions. Conclusions: Our findings underscore the integral role value plays in regulating impulsivity and suggest that the dopaminergic system influences impulsivity through the mediation of value learning.