Values and identity process theory: Theoretical integration and empirical interactions

Identity and values are important driving forces in human lives. Identity Process Theory (IPT; Breakwell, 1986, 2001b) and the Schwartz Value Theory (Schwartz, 1992) focus on distinct but related aspects of the self and have some overlapping propositions particularly with regards to human motivation. Hence, it is surprising that there has been no attempt so far to integrate them theoretically or empirically. This chapter provides the first attempt to address this gap in the literature. After presenting key elements of both theories, the chapter provides a theoretical integration that addresses the links between identity motives and outcomes and provides an empirical examination of the role of personal values as moderators of such links. Finally, we address identity and value change. Identity Process Theory. Identity Process Theory (IPT; Breakwell, 1986, 1992, 2001a, 2001b, 2010; Jaspal and Cinnirella, 2010; Vignoles et al., 2006) elucidates the socio-psychological processes underlying identity construction and change. It specifies the following: (1) the necessary requirements of a positive identity; (2) the ways individuals cope with threats to identity; and (3) what motivates individuals and groups to defend their sense of self. IPT proposes that the structure of identity should be conceptualized in terms of content and evaluation dimensions. The content dimension of identity consists of a unique constellation of identities derived from social experience. These identities can include group memberships (e.g. British), individual traits (e.g. smart) and physical aspects (e.g. tall). The evaluation dimension of an identity refers to the person’s sense of how good or bad this identity is.