Visualizing Frustration: Computational simulation tool for ‘Frustrated Ceramics’

Thispaper introduces a novel approach to sustainable construction through ‘Frustrated Ceramics, a self-morphing clay material system, offering an on-site mould-less shaping method. The system consists of two clay bodies with different shrinkage rates, layered to form aflat sheet. The shrinkage difference drives a geometrical incompatibility during firingprocess that results in the emergence of a complex 3D shape. Through the analysis of physical experiments, based on the theory of incompatible shells, an understanding of key material properties of the system is established. Specifically, the determination of Young’s moduli ratio of the different clay bodies during critical morphing moments at the kiln is defined. This material propertyproves essentialfor the adjustment of an initia! simulation tool to the case of morphing clay, enhancing our ability to predictFrustrated Ceramics’ morphing results. Further improvements of the simulation also include meshing and gravity considerations . Both material calibration and the simulation code support the newly developed designfeature of variable thickness ratio, expanding control and morphologicalfreedom. Combiningphysical experiments, digital simulation and physics theory, this study aims at providing architects with a predictive understanding of this energy-efficient ‘Frustrated ceramic’ system, promoting its accessibility andfuture adoption in the architecturalfield.